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Forest dieback
Forest dieback (also "ドイツ語:Waldsterben", a German loan word) is a condition in trees or woody plants in which peripheral parts are killed, either by parasites or due to conditions like acid rain and drought. Two of the nine tipping points for major climate changes, forecast for the next century, are directly related to forest diebacks. ''Phomopsis azadirachtae'' is a fungus of the Phomopsis genus that has been identified as the fungus responsible for dieback of ''Azadirachta indica'' (Neem) in India.〔Girsh, K., Shankara Bhat, S. (2008) ''Phomopsis azadirachtae – The Die-Back of Neem Pathogen.'' Electronic Journal of Biology, 4(3), 112-119.〕
==Definition==
Forest dieback refers to the phenomena of a stand of trees losing health and dying without an obvious cause. This condition is also known as forest decline, forest damage, canopy level dieback, and stand level dieback (also Waldsterben and Waldschäden, German loan words).〔Ciesla, William M., Donaubauer, Edwin. (1994) ''Decline and dieback of trees and forests: A global overview.'' Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.〕 This usually affects individual species of trees, but can also affect multiple species. Trees and woody plants are killed by a complex group of factors that include parasites, such as fungus and beetles, pollution, such as acid rain and organic compounds, and drought.〔 Diseases and pests can kill large groups of trees very easily, but the premature and progressive loss of clusters of trees without an obvious or specific cause is known as forest dieback. Dieback is an episodic event.〔 Dieback takes on many locations and shapes. It can be along the perimeter, at specific elevations, or dispersed throughout the forest ecosystem.〔Krahl-Urban, B., Papke, H.E., Peters, K. (1988) ''Forest Decline: Cause-Effect Research in the United States of North America and Federal Republic of Germany.'' Germany: Assessment Group for Biology, Ecology and Energy of the Julich Nuclear Research Center.〕
Forest dieback has many symptoms: falling off of leaves and needles, discoloration of leaves and needles, thinning of the crowns of trees, dead stands of trees of a certain age, and changes in the roots of the trees. Forest dieback has many dynamic forms. A stand of trees can exhibit mild symptoms, extreme systems, or death at the same time. Forest decline can be viewed as the result of continued, widespread, and severe dieback of multiple species in the forest.〔 Current forest decline is described by rapid development on individual trees, occurrence in different forest types, a long duration (over 10 years), and occurrence throughout the natural range of affected species.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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